The Role of Green Banking Implementation in Sharia Banking Performance from an Islamic Perspective

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of implementing green banking on the profitability of Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia and the concept of green banking from an Islamic perspective. This research was conducted at Islamic commercial banks registered with the Financial Services Authority (OJK) for the 2016-2022 period. The population in this study consisted of 12 Islamic commercial banks. The sample selection used a non-probability sampling method with a purposive sampling technique and a sample of 8 Islamic commercial banks with 7 years of observation was obtained so that 56 research data were obtained. The hypothesis testing method in this research uses a panel data regression model with a Fixed Effect Model (FEM) approach using the EViews program. The urgency of this research is to see the impact of implementing green banking on Sharia banking performance, especially from an Islamic perspective. The research results show that Green Banking practices have a negative and insignificant effect on Sharia banking performance.


INTRODUCTION
El nvironmel ntal issul el s havel still bel el n a hot topic of discul ssion for many groul ps in rel cel nt yel ars.Varioul s el nvironmel ntal problel ms sul ch as del gradation of el nel rgy rel soul rcel s, climatel changel , forel st del forel station and massivel el xploitation of Natul ral Rel soul rcel s (SDA) caul sel d by hul man activitiel s havel also contribul tel d to thel del tel rioration in thel qul ality of el nvironmel ntal rel soul rcel s (Schul machel r el t al., 2020).Thel govel rnmel nt has madel varioul s el fforts to prel vel nt and ovel rcomel el nvironmel ntal pollul tion, bul t thel transition to el nvironmel ntally friel ndly el conomic del vel lopmel nt rel qul irel s increl asel d invel stmel nt in low-carbon produl ction, el nel rgy el fficiel ncy and infrastrul ctul rel improvel mel nts (Ngul yel n el t al., 2021).To invel st in el nvironmel ntally soul nd projel cts, el spel cially in el nel rgy el fficiel ncy and rel nel wablel el nel rgy, it is nel cel ssary to havel an el nvironmel ntally friel ndly banking systel m.
Banks as financial institul tions arel not inclul del d as high contribul tors to el nvironmel ntal pollul tion, bul t this doel s not mel an that banks can bel sel paratel d from thel problel m of el nvironmel ntal damagel .Banks can direl ctly and indirel ctly havel a nel gativel impact on thel el nvironmel nt.Banks can direl ctly havel a nel gativel impact on thel el nvironmel nt throul gh thel ir carbon footprint and ul sel of rel soul rcel s from opel rational activitiel s, whilel banks can indirel ctly havel a bad impact on thel el nvironmel nt throul gh bank financing for indul striel s that damagel thel el nvironmel nt (Halimatul ssadiah el t al., 2018).Throul gh banking produl cts and sel rvicel s, sul ch as providing crel dit to financel del vel lopmel nt activitiel s, banking has influl el ncel d thel del clinel in el nvironmel ntal qul ality (Bilgin el t al., 2021).For this rel ason, thel banking sel ctor has shown its concel rn by implel mel nting el nvironmel ntally friel ndly invel stmel nts by providing invel stmel nts and loans to indul striel s that havel implel mel ntel d el nvironmel ntally friel ndly or grel el n practicel s.In this way, sul stainablel financel can bel achiel vel d in a bank with el fforts that can bel implel mel ntel d, namel ly implel mel nting grel el n banking program practicel s.
In thel banking sel ctor, profitability is ul sel d to mel asul rel thel bank's pel rformancel .Profitability is thel main del fel nsel in banks against ul nel xpel ctel d lossel s, sul ch as strel ngthel ning capital positions and increl asing ful tul rel profitability throul gh invel stmel nt of rel tainel d el arnings.According to (Abyanta el t al., 2020) profitability is to show thel company's sul ccel ss in gel nel rating profits.Potel ntial invel stors will carel ful lly analyzel thel smooth rul nning of a company and its ability to el arn profits.Thel bel ttel r thel profitability ratio, thel bel ttel r it del scribel s thel company's ability to gel nel ratel high profits.Thel lel vel l of bank profitability can indirel ctly del scribel thel hel alth of a bank.Onel of thel m is thel implel mel ntation of grel el n banking which can affel ct thel profitability of a bank.Banking profitability throul gh grel el n banking issul el s can bel sel el n from thel opel rational activitiel s carriel d oul t by banks (Alonso-Condel & Rojo-Sul árel z, 2020).Banking opel rations in this rel sel arch rel fel r to thel daily opel rations carriel d oul t by banks in thel ir daily pel rformancel and changing thel ir practicel s in a morel el nvironmel ntally friel ndly direl ction in accordancel with thel grel el n banking concel pt.Banks that implel mel nt grel el n banking in thel ir work activitiel s will takel bel ttel r advantagel of tel chnological advancel s which arel cul rrel ntly del vel loping rapidly so that banking activitiel s that wel rel prel vioul sly basel d on papel r bel comel papel rlel ss.This is el xpel ctel d to rel dul cel carbon footprint and carbon el missions.
Sel vel ral stul diel s rel vel al thel factors that el ncoul ragel banks to implel mel nt grel el n banking practicel s.Rel sel arch condul ctel d by (Bosel el t al., 2018) in el xamining banks in Bangladel sh foul nd that thel grel el n banking rel gul latory gul idel linel s issul el d by thel cel ntral bank had a positivel impact on thel lel vel l of grel el n banking disclosul rel .Ful rthel rmorel , (Handajani el t al., 2019) in thel ir rel sel arch argul el d that onel form of grel el n banking is making morel ul sel of onlinel banking than bul ilding branch banking.According to (Singh Tandon & Sel tia, 2017) thel implel mel ntation of grel el n banking not only providel s bel nel fits to thel el nvironmel nt bul t also makel s banking activitiel s morel el fficiel nt.Thel rel sel arch statel s that thel rel arel 3 bel nel fits obtainel d whel n banks implel mel nt grel el n banking.First, with grel el n banking, all transactions arel carriel d oul t ul sing onlinel banking so thel y arel morel papel rlel ss.Sel cond, increl asel awarel nel ss among bul sinel ss pel oplel of thel importancel of el nvironmel ntally friel ndly bul sinel ss practicel s.Third, banks del vel lop policiel s for providing loans to el nvironmel ntally friel ndly bul sinel ss activitiel s and this will indirel ctly makel bul sinel ss pel oplel changel thel ir bul sinel ssel s to bel morel el nvironmel ntally friel ndly.
Rel sel arch rel garding thel influl el ncel of grel el n banking on thel pel rformancel of sharia banking in banks is still a nel w issul el and has not bel el n carriel d oul t mul ch in Indonel sia, so this rel sel arch nel el ds to bel carriel d oul t to bel ablel to providel rel sul lts in thel form of knowlel dgel rel garding thel bel nel fits of implel mel nting grel el n banking, both for sociel ty in gel nel ral, banking itsel lf, el spel cially thel impact on profitability, or for thel govel rnmel nt.

LITERATURE REVIEW Maqashid Al-syariah theory
Thel lel gal basis for thel Maqashid Al-Syariah concel pt originatel s from thel objel ctivel s of sharia which is a pillar of rel ligion for thel bel nel fit of Mul slims throul ghoul t thel world.Rel fel rring to thel del finition of Maqashid Al-Syariah, Maqashid Al-Syariah is an important foul ndation in ul pholding thel pillars of rel ligion with thel sel two main points of bel nel fit which brel ak down thel rel sul lts of thel sel bel nel fits into fivel bel nel fits to bel protel ctel d.Thel lel gal provisions in Maqashid Al-Syariah arel del tel rminel d with sel vel ral Illat' or rel asons that arel ul sel ful l for rel solving el xisting bel nel fits.Maqashid Al-Syariah has an important rolel in thel lel gal procel ss (Ghoniyah & Hartono, 2020).

Legitimasi Theory
According to Dowling and Plelttelr (Azhgaliyelva et al., 2020), companies need to gain legitimacy from all stakeholders because there are boundaries created and emphasized by social norms and values, and reactions to these boundaries encourage the importance of analyzing organizational behavior.by showing the environment.Legitimacy theory focuses on the obligations of companies to ensure that they operate within appropriate frames and norms in the community environment where the company is established, where the company ensures that the activities carried out are accepted as legitimate (Tafsir, 2021).

Stakeholder Theory
Stakeholder theory is a term for the concept of strategic management, the aim of which is to help corporations strengthen relationships with external groups and develop competitive advantages (Kazak et al., 2023).Stakelholdelr thelory says that a company is not an elntity that only opelratels for its own intelrelsts bult mulst providel belnelfits to its stakelholdelrs (Salman & Nawaz, 2018).Thus, the existence of a company is greatly influenced by the support provided by stakeholders to the company.The more powerful the stakeholder, the greater the company's efforts to adapt.Social disclosure is considered part of the dialogue between the company and its stakeholders.

Banking Financial Performance
To measure banking performance, it can be done by measuring profitability, namely the ratio to assess the bank's ability to make a profit.Profitability can also be used to assess the level of effectiveness of a company's management.Profitability is an important factor in running a business because a company must be in a profitable condition to survive (Lel Thi Kim et al., 2021).High profitability indicates good bank performance because bank prosperity increases with higher profitability (Rulhiyat & Mulrwaningsari, 2019).One method for measuring profitability is the return on assets (ROA) ratio, which is a measure of a bank's ability to generate profits from all the assets it owns.ROA shows how much assets the bank has in obtaining net profit.A high ROA shows that a bank has good profitability in terms of asset utilization.

Green Banking
Green banking means banking that carries out its business based on sustainable principles (sustainability development) (Schoelnmakelr, 2019).Green banking means that banking corporations no longer only focus on financial responsibility, namely managing their business as best as possible to generate maximum profits for shareholders, but must also focus their responsibilities on efforts to preserve the environment and nature.universal (planet) as well as improving social welfare for society (people) (Khoulry et al., 2021).Green banking combines the four elements of life, namely nature, human welfare, economy, and society into economic principles that care about the safety of human life and the environment (Lavrinelnko, 2019).
In practicel , grel el n banking is appliel d primarily to bank opel rational activitiel s, namel ly throul gh thel el ffel ctivel and el fficiel nt ul sel of rel soul rcel s and el nel rgy.Thel grel el n banking concel pt also carriel s oul t strict dul el diligel ncel and aul dits to el nsul rel that financing is providel d to el nvironmel ntally friel ndly projel cts.This el ffort is a form of thel Bank's awarel nel ss of thel risk of possiblel el nvironmel ntal problel ms occul rring in thel projel cts it financel s which may havel a nel gativel impact in thel form of del crel asing crel dit qul ality and thel rel pul tation of thel bank concel rnel d.This shows that banks can participatel in minimizing el nvironmel ntal damagel .

Previous Research
Litel ratul rel stul diel s arel carriel d oul t by rel sel archel rs to comparel prel vioul s rel sel arch with thel rel sel arch to bel condul ctel d.Sel vel ral stul diel s rel vel al thel factors that el ncoul ragel banks to implel mel nt grel el n banking practicel s.Rel sel arch condul ctel d by (Bosel el t al., 2018) in tel sting banks in Bangladel sh foul nd that thel implel mel ntation of grel el n banking had a positivel influl el ncel on banking pel rformancel .Ful rthel rmorel , (Handajani el t al., 2019)in his rel sel arch argul el d that onel form of grel el n banking is making morel ul sel of onlinel banking which has a positivel influl el ncel on banking pel rformancel and can increl asel banking profits.According to (Singh Tandon & Sel tia, 2017) thel implel mel ntation of grel el n banking is not only providing bel nel fits to thel el nvironmel nt bul t also to morel el fficiel nt banking activitiel s.Thel rel sel arch statel s that thel rel arel 3 bel nel fits obtainel d whel n banks implel mel nt grel el n banking, first with grel el n banking, all 2 transactions arel carriel d oul t ul sing onlinel banking so thel y arel morel papel rlel ss.Sel cond, increl asel awarel nel ss among bul sinel ss pel oplel of thel importancel of el nvironmel ntally friel ndly bul sinel ss practicel s.Third, banks del vel lop policiel s for providing loans to el nvironmel ntally friel ndly bul sinel ss activitiel s and this will indirel ctly makel bul sinel ss pel oplel changel thel ir bul sinel ssel s to bel morel el nvironmel ntally friel ndly.Howel vel r, rel sel arch condul ctel d by.
Rel sel arch rel garding thel influl el ncel of grel el n banking on thel pel rformancel of sharia banking in banks is still a nel w issul el and has not bel el n carriel d oul t mul ch in Indonel sia, so this rel sel arch nel el ds to bel carriel d oul t to bel ablel to providel rel sul lts in thel form of knowlel dgel rel garding thel bel nel fits of implel mel nting grel el n banking, both for sociel ty in gel nel ral, banking itsel lf, el spel cially thel impact on This rel sel arch is in linel with thel ul nivel rsity's stratel gic plan, which is to improvel thel rel sel arch and pul blication cul ltul rel and to increl asel thel rel lel vancel of rel sel arch to thel qul ality of lel arning and commul nity nel el ds according to sciel ntific fiel lds.

Research Hypothesis
Grel el n banking practicel s arel onel of thel many el fforts that banks can makel to carry oul t thel ir social rel sponsibility towards thel el nvironmel nt.El vel n thoul gh banks arel not direl ctly classifiel d as contribul tors to el nvironmel ntal pollul tion, providing loans to thel ir cul stomel rs can bel a factor in pollul ting thel el nvironmel nt (Acahrya & Lockel , 2016).Thel rel forel , banks nel el d to makel policiel s rel latel d to assel ssing thel fel asibility of bul sinel ssel s for projel ct financing, providing crel dit or company ful nding to sel el thel impact of thel sel activitiel s on thel el nvironmel nt.Whel n daily banking opel rations practicel grel el n banking, banking activitiel s will bel morel el nvironmel ntally friel ndly, increl asel thel el fficiel ncy of bank activitiel s, minimizel manul al el rrors, and avoid acts of fraul d (Ralul ca & Popel scul , 2019).Banking will also rel cel ivel positivel assel ssmel nts from thel pul blic, thel rel by increl asing thel company's rel pul tation.Apart from that, thel application of this concel pt will increl asel thel bank's positivel imagel in thel el yel s of invel stors and thel pul blic so that it can increl asel thel nul mbel r of invel stors and gain profits (Hossain, 2020).Condul ctel d by (Ratnasari el t al., 2021) said that companiel s that implel mel nt grel el n banking havel lowel r financial pel rformancel than thosel that do not implel mel nt grel el n banking.
This research is in line with the research conducted by (Mulstika et al., 2023), (Abdo, 2021), (and Jan et al., 2019) showing that green banking practices have a positive and significant influence on bank financial performance.This can happen because when a bank applies the green banking concept, it allows the bank to build an image of banking as a good company, and attract the sympathy of investors to invest capital in banking.

Conceptual Framework
The following is a conceptual framework to explain the flow of thinking in this research.

Autocorrelation Test
Thel aul tocorrel lation tel st is ul sel d to tel st whel thel r whel n ul sing a linel ar rel grel ssion model l thel rel is a correl lation bel twel el n thel rel sidul al el rror in thel cul rrel nt pel riod and thel el rror in thel prel vioul s pel riod.Thel aul tocorrel lation tel st ul sel s thel Dul rbin-Watson (D-W) mel thod.So in idel ntifying whel thel r thel rel is an aul tocorrel lation tel st or not, it can bel sel el n from thel sizel of thel Dul rbin-Watson valul el .Aul tocorrel lation tel st rel sul lts arel as follows.Based on the results of the determinant coefficient calculation, it shows that the adjusted R2 is 0.085 or 8.5%.Meanwhile, the R2 is 0.101 or 10.1%.Thus, it can be concluded that the green banking variables can explain banking performance by 10.1%, and the remaining 89.1% is explained by variables not examined in this research A. Thel Influl el ncel of Grel el n Banking on Sharia Banking Pel rformancel Banking has an important rolel in mel el ting bul sinel ss financing nel el ds.Banks' el fforts in distribul ting ful nding arel carriel d oul t by sel lel cting prospel ctivel del btors rel garding thel application of thel intel rel st ratel s providel d.Thel intel rel st ratel on loans providel d will bel highel r in linel with thel highel r impact of el nvironmel ntal damagel rel sul lting from bank-ful ndel d opel rational activitiel s (Dikaul & Volz, 2019).By el nforcing thel sel provisions, banks arel taking part in el fforts to rel alizel 'sul stainability'.Howel vel r, thel implel mel ntation of this intel rel st ratel mel chanism affel cts thel profit sharing incomel obtainel d by banks from thel ir loan distribul tion activitiel s.Thel grel atel r thel grel el n banking practicel s, thel lowel r thel bank's profitability.This is bel caul sel thel highel r thel bank's concel rn for thel el nvironmel nt which is implel mel ntel d in monitoring thel implel mel ntation of company projel ct ful nding, thel highel r thel costs incul rrel d by thel bank, and this can lel ad to a rel dul ction in banking profits.This is in accordancel with thel findings of (Mohamel d Bul allay el t al., 2023) and (Karyani & Obriel n, 2020) which statel that thel paradigm of el nvironmel ntal rel gul lations implel mel ntel d aroul nd companiel s to makel el nvironmel ntal improvel mel nts will rel qul irel largel costs.
This rel sel arch is also in linel with Lel gitimacy thel ory and Stakel holdel r Thel ory.Whel rel thel sel two thel oriel s arel thel basis on which this rel sel arch is basel d.Lel gitimacy thel ory rel vel als that companiel s mul st el mphasizel social norms and valul el s, and el ncoul ragel s thel importancel of analyzing organizational bel havior by paying attel ntion to thel el nvironmel nt, whilel Stakel holdel r Thel ory rel vel als that it is a thel ory that discul ssel s mattel rs rel latel d to thel intel rel sts of varioul s partiel s.Whel rel companiel s do not only opel ratel for thel ir own intel rel sts, bul t mul st pay attel ntion to thel bel nel fits for stakel holdel rs or sociel ty.
The results of this research are supported by several previous research results conducted by (Ratnasari et al., 2021) which state that companies that implement green banking have lower financial performance than those that do not implement green banking.The study conducted (by Mulstika et al., 2023) found that there was no effect of green banking on financial performance.Likewise, the results of the study (Halimatulssadiah et al., 2018) show that no relationship was found between green banking practices and profitability.The results of the study (Kwelelswara & Irawan, 2023) show that green banking practices have a negative and insignificant effect on ROA.Furthermore, the study (Nulrmalia, 2021) concluded that green banking practices did not affect bank profit growth.
El vel n thoul gh thel rel sul lts of this rel sel arch show that thel implel mel ntation of grel el n banking has a nel gativel and insignificant el ffel ct on Banking Pel rformancel (ROA), this doel s not mel an that Islamic banks do not nel el d to implel mel nt grel el n banking.Howel vel r, implel mel nting grel el n banking rel qul irel s qul itel a long timel to increl asel banking profitability.

B. Implementation of Green Banking in Sharia Banking from an Islamic
Perspective From an Islamic pel rspel ctivel , grel el n banking activitiel s havel bel comel a rel al rul lel bel forel thel concel pt of grel el n banking el xistel d.Sharia banks shoul ld bel at thel forel front of implel mel nting grel el n banking.El spel cially in tel rms of ful nding or financing, Islamic banks arel qul itel sel lel ctivel in providing financing so that it is right on targel t and of coul rsel doel s not damagel thel el nvironmel nt.In sharia bank financing policiel s and opel rational procel dul rel s, thel financing and invel stmel nt screl el ning mel chanism del tel rminel s thel nel gativel list of haram bul sinel ssel s sul ch as alcohol, wel apons, gambling, bul sinel ssel s that havel an impact on del stroying morality, as wel ll as rel al bul sinel ss activitiel s that havel an impact on threl atel ning thel sul stainability of thel el nvironmel nt.This is also sul pportel d by thel Al-Maqashid al-Syariah thel ory which rel vel als thel bel nel fits of sel rvants, both in this world and in thel aftel rlifel .This mel ans that thel aim of thel grel el n banking concel pt is to rel alizel thel bel nel fit of pel oplel by participating in protel cting thel el nvironmel nt and natul rel in thel corporatel or bul sinel ss sel ctor.Apart from that, grel el n banking doel s not only protel ct natul rel , bul t thel fivel corel el lel mel nts, namel ly protel cting rel ligion from prohibitions, protel cting thel soul ls of many pel oplel , protel cting hul man minds from bad del el ds, protel cting thel trel asul rel s on el arth, and protel cting del scel ndants so that thel y Youl can also el njoy thel natul ral richel s.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Basel d on thel tel st rel sul lts and discul ssions that havel bel el n carriel d oul t, thel rel sel archel rs draw sel vel ral conclul sions as follows: 1. Green banking has a negative, insignificant effect on banking performance 2. Based on an Islamic perspective supported by the Al-Maqashid al-Syariah theory, the green banking concept aims to realize the benefit of servants by participating in protecting the environment and nature in the corporate or business sector.
Basel d on thel conclul sions abovel , thel rel sel archel r providel s sul ggel stions to sel vel ral partiel s as follows: 1.For banks to pay morel attel ntion to implel mel nting grel el n banking practicel s.El vel n thoul gh thel implel mel ntation of grel el n banking can caul sel additional costs, it can bel nel fit thel bank in thel long tel rm. 2. Ful tul rel rel sel archel rs arel el xpel ctel d to ul sel othel r indicators that can bel ttel r el xplain thel implel mel ntation of grel el n banking and add othel r variablel s and increl asel thel rel sel arch timel span in ordel r to produl cel bel ttel r findings.

Tablel 6 .
Aul tocorrel lation Tel st Rel sul lts Dul rbin-Watson stat 2.115742 Soul rcel : Oul tpul t El viel ws 11, 2024 Basel d on tablel 6, thel rel sul lts of thel aul tocorrel lation tel st ul sing thel Dul rbin-Watson (D-W) mel thod show a valul el of 2.115742, locatel d bel twel el n dUl of 1.8124 and 4-dUl of 2.1876.So it is conclul del d that thel panel l data rel grel ssion model l is frel el from aul tocorrel lation intel rfel rel ncel .3. Model Estimation Test Aftel r condul cting panel l data rel grel ssion analysis ul sing threl el mel thods, namel ly thel Common El ffel ct Model l (CEl M), Fixel d El ffel ct Model l (FEl M), and Random El ffel ct Model l (REl M), thel n thel bel st rel grel ssion model l is sel lel ctel d that is sul itablel for thel data ul sel d by condul cting a chow tel st and Haul sman tel st.a. Tel st Chow Tablel 7. Chow Tel st Rel sul lt Effect ction Chi-squl arel 58.657136 0.003781 Soul rcel : Oul tpul t El viel ws 11, 2024 Based on the output results above, where the chi-square value is smaller than alpha 0.05, the correlation model limits the fixed Effect Model (FElM).b.Haul sman tel st Thel Haul sman tel st is a tel st ul sel d to sel lel ct onel of thel panel l data rel grel ssion model ls by comparing thel oul tpul t rel sul lts bel twel el n thel Fixel d El ffel ct Model l (FEl M) and thel Random El ffel ct Model l (REl M).If thel Probability Cross-sel ction Random valul el is > α 0.05 thel n thel Random El ffel ct Model l (REl M) model l is sel lel ctel d and ul sel d for ful rthel r tel sting.On thel othel r hand, if thel Chi-squl arel probability is lel ss than 0.05 thel n thel model l that shoul ld bel ul sel d is Fixel d El ffel ct.
profitability, or for thel govel rnmel nt.Apart from that, this rel sel arch triel s to fill el xisting gaps in rel sel arch (Mul stika el t al., 2023), (Hoqul el el t al., 2022), (Del wi el t al., 2023).Rel sel archel rs condul ctel d diffel rel nt rel sel arch by crel ating a diffel rel nt model l from prel vioul s rel sel arch, namel ly by adding thel concel pt of grel el n banking to an Islamic pel rspel ctivel .
The analytical methods used in this research are descriptive analysis and panel data regression analysis.The panel data regression model is used because this research aims to test eight samples over seven years or consists of crosssection and time series data.Before carrying out panel data regression analysis, it is necessary to select the most appropriate estimation model between the Common Effect Model, Fixed Effect Model, and Random Effect Model.This model selection was carried out using the Chow Test, Hausman Test, and Lagrange Multiplier Test.After obtaining the best estimation model, it is necessary to test the classical assumptions consisting of the Autocorrelation Test and normality test.Next, to determine the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable, a hypothesis test will be carried out consisting of the t test and the coefficient of determination.According to Ghozali (2013), a good regression model is accompanied by data that is normally distributed or close to normal.Thel normality test in the research used the Skewness Kurtosis test with the Eviews program as data processing.Data is said to be normally distributed if it has a probability above or equal to 0.05.Normality test results can be shown as follows: Tablel 5. Normality Tel st Rel sul lts with Kul rtosis Skel wnel ss Tel st Oul tpul t El viel ws 11, 2024 Basel d on tablel 5, thel rel sul lts of thel normality tel st ul sing thel Skel wnel ss Kul rtosis tel st mel thod show that thel Probability Skel wnel ss valul el is 0.758832, thel Kul rtosis probability valul el is 0.119278, so thel Normality valul el obtainel d is 0.4162533.From thel rel sul lts obtainel d, it can bel del cidel d that thel Probability Skel wnel ss and Kul rtosis valul el s arel > α 0.05, so it can bel said that thel rel sidul als in this rel sel arch model l arel normally distribul tel d.
Oul tpul t El viel ws 11, 2024Basel d on thel rel sul lts of thel Haul sman tel st, thel Probability Cross-sel ction Random valul el was 0.0000.From thel sel rel sul lts, a del cision can bel madel that thel Probability Cross-sel ction Random valul el is 0.004685 < α 0.05.So thel appropriatel approach to ul sel is thel Fixel d El ffel ct Model l (FEl M).From thel rel sul lts of thel Haul sman tel st it can bel conclul del d that thel bel st model l to ul sel in this rel sel arch is thel Fixel d El ffel ct model l so thel rel is no nel el d to carry oul t Lagrangel Mul ltipliel r tel sting.