Criminological Review of Mugging Crime Cases

Crime is a complex phenomenon that can be understood from various different angles. That's why in everyday life we can catch comments about crime incidents that are different from each other. In our experience it turns out that it is not easy to understand crime itself. Efforts to understand this crime have actually been thought up centuries ago by famous scientists. Plato, for example, stated that gold was the source of human evil. Aristotle said that poverty gives rise to crime and rebellion. Great crimes are not committed to obtain what is necessary for life, but for luxury. Criminology is a branch of science that emerged in the 19th century, which is essentially a science that studies the causes and causes of crime. In another sense, seen from a criminological perspective, crime is any specific act or deed whose action is approved by society to be interpreted as a crime. This means that every crime does not have to be formulated first in a criminal law regulation. So every act that is anti-social, detrimental and annoying to society, can be said to be a crime in criminological terms. In this modern era, human growth and development seems to know no boundaries of space and time because it is supported by the rapid flow of information and knowledge of technology. New discoveries in the field of science and technology have a direct influence on human outlook on life which can ultimately change the human outlook on life.


INTRODUCTION
Indonesia as a developing country is certainly inseparable from the influence of global developments where all developments affect all aspects of life.This world development not only has a big influence on the Indonesian state but also on the development of society, behavior and cultural shifts in society.Moreover, after the reform period, Indonesia's economy worsened.Not only is there an economic crisis but there is also a moral crisis, there is an increase in population, social inequality, an increase in unemployment which automatically makes a person's passion increase to commit a crime.With this economic pressure, many people take shortcuts to justify any means to get money to meet their needs, so that in densely populated urban areas, the crime rate is very high compared to rural areas.Each region has a diverse culture and traditions.This is seen from different social, economic and cultural aspects, and crime in an area will naturally be different.One crime phenomenon that is increasingly occurring in big cities in Indonesia is mugging or what is usually called petty theft.

LITERATURE REVIEW Case of Mugting Crime
Mugging is a term in Indonesian that refers to the act of theft or robbery.Mugging usually occurs when someone suddenly steals goods or money from the victim by seizing or removing them by force.Mugging often occurs in public places, such as streets or crowds, and often involves the perpetrator trying to escape after committing the act.Mugging is an illegal and unlawful act, and can usually result in physical injury or even death for the victim or perpetrator.The police and authorities are tasked with handling mugging cases and ensuring that the perpetrators are arrested and prosecuted according to the law.When you are faced with a potentially dangerous situation, it is important to always be careful and try to avoid actions that could trigger a mugging, such as displaying valuables too conspicuously or walking alone in remote and dangerous places.Personal safety is always a top priority.

METHODOLOGY
This research method is library research which is called library research with data obtained from the library with data obtained from the library in the form of encyclopedias, theses, theses, dissertations, books, journals, documents, dictionaries, etc. magazine (Khatibah, 2013).The procedure for this research literature is to have a topic, look for information related to the topic in the form of related journals, and prepare a report.As for the data sources for this research, namely from literature in the form of relevant journals consisting of two journals that have variables that are appropriate to the research topic.The data collection technique in this research is documentation, namely searching for data regarding variables in the form of articles or journals.

RESULT AND DISSCUSION
Indonesia as a developing country is certainly inseparable from the influence of global developments where all developments affect all aspects of life.This world development not only has a big influence on the Indonesian state but also on the development of society, behavior and cultural shifts in society.Moreover, after the reform period, Indonesia's economy worsened.Not only is there an economic crisis but there is also a moral crisis, there is an increase in population, social inequality, an increase in unemployment which automatically makes a person's passion increase to commit a crime.With this economic pressure, many people take shortcuts to justify any means to get money to meet their needs, so that in densely populated urban areas, the crime rate is very high compared to rural areas.Each region has a diverse culture and traditions.This is seen from different social, economic and cultural aspects, and crime in an area will naturally be different.One crime phenomenon that is increasingly occurring in big cities in Indonesia is mugging or what is usually called petty theft.Indonesia as a developing country is certainly inseparable from the influence of global developments where all developments affect all aspects of life.This world development not only has a big influence on the Indonesian state but also on the development of society, behavior and cultural shifts in society.Moreover, after the reform period, Indonesia's economy worsened.Not only is there an economic crisis but there is also a moral crisis, there is an increase in population, social inequality, an increase in unemployment which automatically makes a person's passion increase to commit a crime.With this economic pressure, many people take shortcuts to justify any means to get money to meet their needs, so that in densely populated urban areas, the crime rate is very high compared to rural areas.Each region has a diverse culture and traditions.This is seen from different social, economic and cultural aspects, and crime in an area will naturally be different.One crime phenomenon that is increasingly occurring in big cities in Indonesia is mugging or what is usually called petty theft.

Scope of Pure Criminology
• Criminal Anthropology, namely the science of evil (somatic) humans.This science provides answers to questions about what signs evil people have in their bodies, whether there is a connection between ethnicity and evil, and so on.• Criminal Sociology, namely the science of crime as a symptom of society.
• Criminal Psychology, namely the science of criminals seen from their psychological perspective.• Criminal Psychopathology and Neuropathology, namely the science of criminals who are mentally ill or nervous.

Scope of Applied Criminology
• Criminal Hygiene, namely the goal to be achieved is to prevent crime.• Criminal Politics, namely the goal to be achieved is the government's response to crime in society through government programs so that it is hoped that it will suppress the occurrence of crimes that disturb citizens.
• Criminalistics, namely to uncover crimes, criminalistics knowledge is used to apply investigative techniques and investigations using scientific knowledge.

Definition of Criminal Acts
The term criminal cannot be separated from the issue of punishment, in general punishment is the field of law formation, because of the principle of legality.This principle is stated in Article 1 of the Criminal Code which reads "nullum delictum nulla poena sine praevia poenali" which means that no criminal act can be committed, nor will it be punished, without the existence of a criminal law first.

Mugging Sanctions
In essence, the legislation regarding the explanation of the criminal system is a system and is part of the criminal law enforcement mechanism which has the authority to impose penalties and can regulate the rights of society in general.Judging from positive law in Indonesia, there are types of punishment whose provisions are regulated in the Criminal Code in article 10, which includes mentioning the existence of basic penalties and additional penalties.In this case, the main crime has a facultative nature, which means whether or not punishment or sanctions can be imposed on the perpetrator.In general, the aim of implementing criminal sanctions against perpetrators of crimes is aimed at an effort to foster morality and ethics as well as providing a deterrent effect for the perpetrators of criminal acts or crimes, with the hope that the perpetrators will not repeat their actions (Suparni, 1996).Of the existing positive legal provisions in Indonesia, of the several types of sanctions, the most dominant type of sanction used is criminal sanctions, in imposing punishment on someone who is found guilty of committing a criminal act or unlawful acts.Judging from its definition, criminal sanctions can be said to be suffering or suffering given to people who commit acts or actions that have certain required elements in the context of criminal offenses (Andrisman, 2009).
Criminal sanctions are the type of sanction that is most commonly (widely) used in terms of providing threats or imposing punishment on someone or perpetrators who are found guilty of committing a criminal act (Suhariyono AR, 2009).In order for a person to be declared to have been proven to have committed a criminal act of theft, that person must fulfill all the elements listed in the applicable regulatory provisions, both objective and subjective elements.Regarding the imposition of criminal sanctions against perpetrators of the crime of mugging.According to the Criminal Code, he can be charged under Article 365 paragraph (1), paragraph (2) 2e, 4e of the Criminal Code, with a maximum prison sentence of up to 12 (twelve) years.
Regarding the function of criminology in the investigation process of criminal cases involving mugging, a descriptive approach must also be taken by observing and collecting facts about the crime and the perpetrators of the crime, such as: 1. Various forms of criminal behavior 2. How the crime could be committed 3. Frequency of crime in different places and times 4. Age, gender and other characteristics of the perpetrator of the crime 5. Development of the characteristics of a criminal (Romli Atmasasmita, op.Cit, p. 2).

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
From the definition of criminology it can be concluded that criminology is the study of crime and how to overcome it.The Criminal Code can be charged under Article 365 paragraph (1), paragraph (2) 2e, 4e of the Criminal Code, with a maximum prison sentence of up to 12 (twelve) years.

ADVANCED RESEARCH
None of this research is perfect, because every study has limitations.Therefore, constructive suggestions are needed for future progress.

FURTHER RESEARCH
This research still has limitations so further research needs to be done on this topic "Criminological Review of Mugging Crime Cases".